Note 1. Windows 模拟 Linux 环境¶

阅读：https://cs102.stickmind.com/reader/topic_0/linux_on_windows.html

Who Is Using MSYS2?¶

Git for Windows is based on MSYS2
Neovim uses MSYS2 for its Windows building and running (Documentation).

What is MSYS2?¶

MSYS2 is a collection of tools and libraries providing you with an easy-to-use environment for building, installing and running native Windows software.

MSYS2 isn't "one tool to rule them all", but tries to focus on what it's good at. It provides a native build environment, based on open source software, and makes you feel right at home when you are already comfortable with Linux.

MSYS2 allows you to build native Windows programs.

MSYS2 focuses on building native software built against the Windows APIs.

Cygwin is an operating system wrapper

The goal of Cygwin is to provide a Linux Programming API.

Msys is a command shell substitute

The goal of Msys is to provide a POSIX scripting environment.

Scoop is an installer

The goal of Scoop is to let you use Unix-y programs in a normal Windows environment

参见：https://github.com/ScoopInstaller/Scoop/wiki/Cygwin-and-MSYS-Comparison

Installation¶

参见：https://www.msys2.org/#installation

Pacman¶

# Synchronize and update all packages
$ pacman -Suy   # -u, --upgrades; -y, --refresh
# Install a new package
$ pacman -S package_name    # -S, --sync
# Remove a package and its dependencies
$ pacman -Rs package_name   # -R, --remove

Others¶

Main

MSYS2 - Software Distribution and Building Platform for Windows
- MSYS2 Packages
  - Base Package: make
  - Base Package: openssh
  - Group: mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-toolchain
    - gcc
    - gdb
    - pkgconf
    - ...
  - Package: mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-cmake
  - Package: mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-ninja
- Package Management
- Mirrors TODO
Pacman - A simple library-based package manager.
- pacman(8)

Windows Terminal Emulators

Mintty - Mintty is a terminal emulator for Cygwin, MSYS or Msys2, and derived projects, and for WSL.
Cygwin - Get that Linux feeling - on Windows
WSL

Windows Package Managers

Chocolatey - The Package Manager for Windows & Modern Software Automation
Scoop - A command-line installer for Windows

Linux Distributions & Development Tools

Arch Linux - A simple, lightweight distribution
Mingw-w64
GCC - the GNU Compiler Collection
GDB - The GNU Project Debugger
CMake
Ninja
GNU Make

SSH & Security Tools

OpenSSH

Doc Backup¶

录播 🎥：开发环境 Linux & C/1. Windows 模拟 Linux 环境-V230911.mp4

本节目标 ¶

由于大部分同学使用 Windows 系统，在 Windows 平台体验 Linux 开发工具也是可以的。完成本节内容的学习，你应该能够尝试解决以下问题：

什么是 MSYS2？如何安装 MSYS2？
如何使用 pacman 包管理工具更新、安装、删除软件包？
如何修改 MSYS2 国内源？
如何使用 MSYS2 编译/运行 C 程序？

安装 MSYS2 开发工具 ¶

MSYS2 提供了一个易于使用的类 Linux 环境来构建、安装和运行本机 Windows 软件。配合 VS Code 等开发工具，可以搭建一个较为轻量的开发环境。对于一些 POSIX 依赖不太严格的测试，比起使用 Linux 虚拟机更为直接、方便。

安装过程，有以下几点需要注意：

国内用户建议断网安装，避免中途出现更新密钥卡死的问题
安装完后，国内用户建议修改国内软件源，提高下载速度
后续软件体积较大，建议安装在非 C 盘根目录
建议使用 MSYS2 UCRT 子系统，和课程保持一致
优先安装 mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64- 前缀的软件包

常用命令总结如下，方便后续使用查询，参考连接：Package Management

更新 MSYS2 组件，修改源后建议更新两次
```
pacman -Suy
```
安装 openssh 可用于后续连接远程服务器
```
pacman -S openssh
```
安装 gcc、gdb、pkg-config 等常用开发工具
```
pacman -S mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-toolchain
```

安装 make，cmake，ninja 等构建工具

pacman -S make mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-cmake mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-ninja

编译运行 C 程序 ¶

在 MSYS2 当前目录创建一个 hello.c 文件，输入以下代码：

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    printf("Hello World.\n");
    return 0;
}

使用以下命令编译你的第一个 C 程序：

gcc hello.c -o hello

运行该程序，需要以 ./ 开头执行以下命令：

./hello

前缀 ./ 表示在当前目录下寻找 hello 程序。